@article{ISI:000451621700010,
Author = {Woodfield, E. E. and Horne, R. B. and Glauert, S. A. and Menietti, J. D.
   and Shprits, Y. Y. and Kurth, W. S.},
Title = {Formation of electron radiation belts at Saturn by Z-mode wave acceleration},
Journal = {NATURE COMMUNICATIONS},
Year = {2018},
Volume = {9},
Month = {NOV 29},
Abstract = {At Saturn electrons are trapped in the planet's magnetic field and
   accelerated to relativistic energies to form the radiation belts, but
   how this dramatic increase in electron energy occurs is still unknown.
   Until now the mechanism of radial diffusion has been assumed but we show
   here that in-situ acceleration through wave particle interactions, which
   initial studies dismissed as ineffectual at Saturn, is in fact a vital
   part of the energetic particle dynamics there. We present evidence from
   numerical simulations based on Cassini spacecraft data that a particular
   plasma wave, known as Z-mode, accelerates electrons to MeV energies
   inside 4 R-S (1 R-S = 60,330 km) through a Doppler shifted cyclotron
   resonant interaction. Our results show that the Z-mode waves observed
   are not oblique as previously assumed and are much better accelerators
   than O-mode waves, resulting in an electron energy spectrum that closely
   approaches observed values without any transport effects included.},
Publisher = {NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP},
Address = {MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND},
Type = {Article},
Language = {English},
Affiliation = {Woodfield, EE (Reprint Author), British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Woodfield, E. E.; Horne, R. B.; Glauert, S. A., British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Menietti, J. D.; Kurth, W. S., Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Shprits, Y. Y., GFZ German Res Ctr Geosci, Helmholtz Ctr Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
   Shprits, Y. Y., Univ Potsdam, Inst Phys & Astron, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
   Shprits, Y. Y., Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth Planetary & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.},
DOI = {10.1038/s41467-018-07549-4},
Article-Number = {5062},
ISSN = {2041-1723},
Keywords-Plus = {PITCH-ANGLE; PLASMA; DIFFUSION; REGION; RADIO},
Research-Areas = {Science & Technology - Other Topics},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {Multidisciplinary Sciences},
Author-Email = {emmwoo@bas.ac.uk},
ORCID-Numbers = {Horne, Richard/0000-0002-0412-6407
   Kurth, William/0000-0002-5471-6202
   Woodfield, Emma/0000-0002-0531-8814},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {STFC in the UK {[}ST/I001727/1, ST/M00130X/1]; UK Natural Environment
   Research Council {[}NE/R016038/1, NE/R016445/1]; NASA {[}NNX11AM36G,
   NNX16AI47G, 1415150]; EC {[}H2020 637302]},
Funding-Text = {E.E.W., R.B.H., and S.A.G. are funded by STFC grants ST/I001727/1 and
   ST/M00130X/1 in the UK, R.B.H. and S.A.G. are also funded by the UK
   Natural Environment Research Council grants NE/R016038/1 and
   NE/R016445/1. J.D.M. and Y.Y.S. acknowledge support from NASA grants
   NNX11AM36G and NNX16AI47G. The research at the University of Iowa
   (J.D.M. and W.S.K.) was supported by NASA through Contract 1415150 with
   the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Y.Y.S. was supported by EC grant H2020
   637302. E.E.W. thanks Jonathan Lansey for creating and sharing the
   linspecer MATLAB tool based on color schemes set up by Cynthia Brewer.},
Number-of-Cited-References = {32},
Times-Cited = {0},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {2},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {2},
Journal-ISO = {Nat. Commun.},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {HC2HA},
Unique-ID = {ISI:000451621700010},
OA = {DOAJ Gold, Green Published},
DA = {2019-04-16},
}